Random file I/O

The file pointer
Each file stream class contains a file pointer that is used to keep track of the current read/write position within the file. When something is read from or written to a file, the reading/writing happens at the file pointer’s current location. By default, when opening a file for reading or writing, the file pointer is set to the beginning of the file. However, if a file is opened in append mode, the file pointer is moved to the end of the file, so that writing does not overwrite any of the current contents of the file.
Random file access with seekg() and seekp()
So far, all of the file access we’ve done has been sequential — that is, we’ve read or written the file contents in order. However, it is also possible to do random file access — that is, skip around to various points in the file to read it’s contents. This can be useful when your file is full of records, and you wish to retrieve a specific record. Rather than reading all of the records until you get to the one you want, you can skip directly to the record you wish to retrieve.
Random file access is done by manipulating the file pointer using the seekg() function (for input) and seekp() function (for output). In case you are wondering, the g stands for “get” and the p for “put”.
The seekg() and seekp() functions take two parameters. The first parameter is an offset that determines how many bytes to move the file pointer. The second parameter is an Ios flag that specifies what the offset parameter should be offset from.

Ios seek flag	Meaning
beg	The offset is relative to the beginning of the file (default)
cur	The offset is relative to the current location of the file pointer
end	The offset is relative to the end of the file

A positive offset means move the file pointer towards the end of the file, whereas a negative offset means move the file pointer towards the beginning of the file.
Here are some examples:

1	inf.seekg(14, ios::cur); // move forward 14 bytes

2	inf.seekg(-18, ios::cur); // move backwards 18 bytes

3	inf.seekg(22, ios::beg); // move to 22nd byte in file

4	inf.seekg(24); // move to 24th byte in file

5	inf.seekg(-28, ios::end); // move to the 28th byte before end of the file

Moving to the beginning or end of the file is easy:

1	inf.seekg(0, ios::beg); // move to beginning of file

2	inf.seekg(0, ios::end); // move to end of file

Let’s do an example using seekg() and the input file we created in the last lesson. That input file looks like this:

This is line 1
This is line 2
This is line 3
This is line 4

Heres the example:

01	int main()

02

{

03	using namespace std;

04

05	ifstream inf("Sample.dat");

06

07	// If we couldn't open the input file stream for reading

08

if (!inf)

09

{

10	// Print an error and exit

11	cerr << "Uh oh, Sample.dat could not be opened for reading!" << endl;

12

exit(1);

13

}

14

15	string strData;

16

17	inf.seekg(5); // move to 5th character

18	// Get the rest of the line and print it

19	getline(inf, strData);

20	cout << strData << endl;

21

22	inf.seekg(8, ios::cur); // move 8 more bytes into file

23	// Get rest of the line and print it

24	getline(inf, strData);

25	cout << strData << endl;

26

27	inf.seekg(-15, ios::end); // move 15 bytes before end of file

28	// Get rest of the line and print it

29	getline(inf, strData);

30	cout << strData << endl;

31

32

return 0;

33

}

This produces the result:

is line 1
line 2
his is line 4

Two other useful functions are tellg() and tellp(), which return the absolute position of the file pointer. This can be used to determine the size of a file:

1	ifstream inf("Sample.dat");

2	inf.seekg(0, ios::end); // move to end of file

3	cout << inf.tellg();

This prints:

64

which is how long sample.dat is in bytes (assuming a carriage return after the last line).
Reading and writing a file at the same time using fstream
The fstream class is capable of both reading and writing a file at the same time — almost! The big caveat here is that it is not possible to switch between reading and writing arbitrarily. Once a read or write has taken place, the only way to switch between the two is to perform a seek operation. If you don’t actually want to move the file pointer, you can always seek to the current position:

1	iofile.seekg(iofile.tellg(), ios::beg); // seek to current file position

If you do not do this, any number of strange and bizarre things may occur.
(Note: Although it may seem that inf.seekg(0, ios::cur) would also work, it appears some compilers may optimize this away.)
One other bit of trickiness: Unlike istream, where we could say while (inf) to determine if there was more to read, this will not work with fstream.
Let’s do a file I/O example using fstream. We’re going to write a program that opens a file, reads it’s contents, and changes the any vowels it finds to a ‘#’ symbol.

01	int main()

02

{

03	using namespace std;

04

05	// Note we have to specify both in and out because we're using fstream

06	fstream iofile("Sample.dat", ios::in | ios::out);

07

08	// If we couldn't open iofile, print an error

09	if (!iofile)

10

{

11	// Print an error and exit

12	cerr << "Uh oh, Sample.dat could not be opened!" << endl;

13

exit(1);

14

}

15

16	char chChar; // we're going to do this character by character

17

18	// While there's still data to process

19	while (iofile.get(chChar))

20

{

21	switch (chChar)

22

{

23	// If we find a vowel

24

case 'a':

25

case 'e':

26

case 'i':

27

case 'o':

28

case 'u':

29

case 'A':

30

case 'E':

31

case 'I':

32

case 'O':

33

case 'U':

34

35	// Back up one character

36	iofile.seekg(-1, ios::cur);

37

38	// Because we did a seek, we can now safely do a write, so

39	// let's write a # over the vowel

40	iofile << '#';

41

42	// Now we want to go back to read mode so the next call

43	// to get() will perform correctly.  We'll seekg() to the current

44	// location because we don't want to move the file pointer.

45	iofile.seekg(iofile.tellg(), ios::beg);

46

47

break;

48

}

49

}

50

51

return 0;

52

}

Other useful file functions
To delete a file, simply use the remove() function.
Also, the is_open() function will return true if the stream is currently open, and false otherwise.
A warning about writing pointers to disk
While streaming variables to a file is quite easy, things become more complicated when you’re dealing with pointers. Remember that a pointer simply holds the address of the variable it is pointing to. Although it is possible to read and write addresses to disk, it is extremely dangerous to do so. This is because a variable’s address may differ from execution to execution. Consequently, although a variable may have lived at address 0x0012FF7C when you wrote that address to disk, it may not live there any more when you read that address back in!
For example, let’s say you had an integer named nValue that lived at address 0x0012FF7C. You assigned nValue the value 5. You also declared a pointer named *pnValue that points to nValue. pnValue holds nValue’s address of 0x0012FF7C. You want to save these for later, so you write the value 5 and the address 0x0012FF7C to disk.
A few weeks later, you run the program again and read these values back from disk. You read the value 5 into another variable named nValue, which lives at 0x0012FF78. You read the address 0x0012FF7C into a new pointer named *pnValue. Because pnValue now points to 0x0012FF7C when the nValue lives at 0x0012FF78, pnValue is no longer pointing to nValue, and trying to access pnValue will lead you into trouble.
 
Rule: Do not write addresses to files. The variables that were originally at those addresses may be at different addresses when you read their values back in from disk, and the addresses will be invalid.